about Lithium Tungstate

Lithium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Li2WO4, appears white solid that is soluble in water. The compound is one of the several other tungstates, compounds that feature the tetrahedral WO42- anion.

Lithium tungstate is used to produce high density water solutions. This use was developed in the early 1990s to address issues with existing high density fluids such as toxicity, safety, and stability, It can safely be used in an indoor environment without a fume hood with only ordinary common sense safety precautions such as protective gloves and safety glasses.

The salt consists of tetrahedral coordinated Li and W content bridged by oxides. The solid undergoes phase transitions at high pressures, such that the coordination geometry at tungsten becomes octahedral.

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Applications of Tungsten Disulfide

Tungsten Disulfide whose chemical formula is WS2, can be used in high temperature and high pressure applications. It offers temperature resistance from -270º C to 650º C in normal atmosphere and from -188º C to 1316º C in Vacuum. Load bearing ability of coated film is extremely high at 300,000 psi. WS2 can also be used instead of molybdenum disulfide-MoS2. 

 The WS2 powder could be mixed with wet lubricants:
The tungsten disulfide powder can be mixed 1wt% to 15wt% (as users required) with grease or oil. This will enhance lubricity of the mixture and also improves High Temperature and Extreme Pressure properties of mixture. During the use, tungsten disulfide in the mixture will get coated on mating/moving parts, which in turn reduces friction and improves lubricity and load bearing ability for much longer cycles.

The tungsten disulfide powder can be coated by spraying (at 120 psi) the substrate with dry & cool pneumatic air. It does not require any binders and spraying can be done at normal room temperature. Coated film will be 0.5 um thick. In an alternative application method,  tungsten disulfide powder could be mixed with Propyl alcohol and this paste could be buffed to the substrate. 

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Storage of Tungsten Powder

There are several requirements on storage of tungsten powder as following:
*Should be stored in shady, cool and ventilated warehouse.
 *Keep far away from fire, heat source and acid. 
*Smoking in the workplace is absolutely prohibit. 
*Should be available fire fighting equipment such as extinguisher . 
*Stored in vacuum encapsulation in case of being oxidized.

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New Opened Tungsten Mine in UK

As reported, tungsten mine in UK opened recently. Exact information as following:

"The £123 million Hemerdon project, near Plymouth, Devon, is reportedly the third largest tungsten resource in the world.

When complete the mine will feature an 850m x 450 m open cast pit extending to a depth of 200 m, together with a processing plant and integrated mine waste facility. 

Production is expected to start in 2015 and is scheduled to produce 3,450 tonnes of tungsten concentrate annually – equivalent to approximately 3.5% of global forecast demand – providing security of supply for tungsten and valuable export revenue for the UK, according to Wolf Minerals."

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Preparing AMT from APT

A process for preparing ammonium metatungstate (AMT) using ammonium paratungstate/APT as raw material comprising: leaching wet ammonium paratungstate/APT with nitrite acid to obtain a dilute solution of ammonium metatungstate; concentrating the dilute solution of ammonium metatungstate /AMT to be a concentrated solution of ammonium metatungstate/AMT; and spray-drying the concentrated solution of ammonium metatungstate/AMT to obtain powder of ammonium metatungstate/AMT.

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Tungsten Trioxide Photocatalysts:

Hexagonal (h-) and monoclinic (m-) tungsten trioxide (WO₃₎ nano particles with controlled composition  were prepared through annealing (NH₄)_xWO_3−y. The formation, structure, composition, morphology, and optical properties of the samples were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with electron diffraction, and Raman, X-ray photoelectron, H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, diffuse reluctance ultraviolet–visual, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Oxidized m-WO₃ (m-WO₃ ox) was the most active photocatalyst both in the aqueous and in the gas phase, followed by the oxidized h-WO₃ (h-WO₃ ox) sample. Reduced h-WO₃ (h-WO₃ red) and m-WO₃ (m-WO₃ red) exhibited much lower activity. Thus, in contrast to TiO₂, where crystalline structure (rutile or anatase) plays a key effect in photocatalysis, for WO₃, it is the composition that is of greatest importance: the more oxidized the WO₃ sample, the better a photocatalyst it is. The crystal structure of WO₃ has only an indirect effect, in that it influences the composition of WO₃ samples. Consequently, an oxidized monoclinic WO₃ material will always provide better photocatalytic activity than an oxidized hexagonal one.

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Nanostructure -- WO3

Nanostructured WO₃ has been developed as a promising water-splitting material due to its ability of capturing parts of the visible light and high stability in aqueous solutions under acidic conditions. In this review, the fabrication, photocatalytic performance and operating principles of photoelectrically cells (PECs) for water splitting based on WO₃ photoanodes, with an emphasis on the last decade, are discussed. The morphology, dimension, crystallinity, grain boundaries, defect and separation, transport of photo generated charges will also be mentioned as the impact factors on photocatalytic performance.

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