Characterization of Tungsten Blue Oxide

Characterization. Industrially produced TBO is characterized chemically by the residual ammonia content and oxygen index, leaving open the composition in regard to the different compounds and the amount of amorphous species. These determinations would be much too tedious and expensive for routine purposes. As long as APT quality and calcinaiton conditions are kept constant, the composition will be reproducible. Consequently, in many companies it is preferred not to buy TBO but APT, and to perform the blueing in-house.

Physical characterization of TBO includes particle size and distribution measure-ment by laser diffraction (macroporsity) as well as specific surface area measurement (microporsity). Particle size measurement by FSSS (Fisher Sub-sieve Sizer), as also sometimes used, is misleading, because of the porosity of the TBO particles. An empirical relationship between FSSS and particle size measured by laser scattering can, however, be detected if the microporosity of the samples is uniform (constant blueing conditions).

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Tungsten Blue Oxide Physical properties

Physical properties. The physical properties of the TBO, such as particle size, size distribution, and internal porosity, are of importance for the subsequent hydrogen reduction process. Size, size distribution, and shape of the particles are related to the starting APT as a consequence of the crystallization process and do not alter significantly during the decomposition process, while the internal porosity is a result of the blueing process. The degree of porosity is influenced by the calcinations parameters (time, temperature). The specific surface area in commercial TBOs can vary between 1 and 15m²/g.

Both macromorphology and microporosity of the TBO particles determine the permeability and thus the diffusion resistance of a TBO powder layer, which is a determining factor for the material exchange (H₂→H₂O) during reduction.

Homogeneity of Blue Tungsten Oxide

Homogeneity. The product of a rotary furnace is more homogeneous in regard to differences between individual particles, since the powder is constantly being mixed by the turning motion. The TBO particles are composed of different compounds but are similar in composition, while pusher-furnace-derived TBO particles can also differ in composition, depending on their position in the powder layer.

Tungsten Blue Oxide--Chemical Composition

Chemical Composition. TBO is not a defined chemical compound but is a mixture of different constituents, such as ammonium, hydrogen and hydronium tungsten bronze phases, tungsten trioxide, tungsten-β-oxide(WO_2.9 or W₂₀O₅₈), and tungsten-γ-oxide(W_2.72 or W₁₈O₄₉). Under more reductions, even traces of WO2 andβ-tungsten can be present. The relative amounts of the various compounds in the TBO depend on the calcinations parameters.

•temperature,

•heating time,

•composition and pressure of atmosphere,

•mass of APT flow with time,

•gas flow,

•layer height in the boat (pusher furnace),

•slope and rotation rate (rotary furnace).

The oxygen index (molar ratio O/W) is commonly used to characterize the degree of reduction of TBO. However, since most TBOs also contain ammonia and water in addition to W and O, a more complete description is given by x(NH₃)•y(H₂O)•Wo_n.

A series of analyzed industrial samples gave the following ranges for the coefficients x and y and the index n:x=0.02-0.09, y=0.02-0.14, and n=2.82-2.99.

Qualitative and quantitative X-ray analyses of the same samples revealed quite a large scatter in composition: tungsten bronzes, 0-45%; WO₃, 0-45%; WO_2.9, 5-20%; WO_2.72, 0-25%, and amorphous, 30-55%.

Amorphous species form by dehydration which, on further heating, convert into crystalline binary tungsten oxide as well as tungsten bronzes. The conversion from amorphous to crystalline is a slow process. Therefore, if the heating period is short, as in rotary furnaces, the time available for overall crystallization is insufficient. This is why rotary-furnaces-derived TBO can be high in amorphous oxide when compared to TBO from pushers.

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Tungsten Blue Oxide Industrial Production

 TBO is formed by calcinations of APT under slightly reducing conditions. The conversion can be performed either in multitube push-type furnaces or in rotary kilns. Various atmospheres are used. Generally, in push-type furnaces a flow of hydrogen or hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures is applied. In rotary furnaces one usually takes advantage of the reducing capacity of the gases evolved during the decomposition (H, H₂, NH₃), leading to the desired formation of reduced tungsten species.

Temperature may vary between 400 and 900℃. Literature values can be misleading, because some are related to the real temperature of the powder layer while others are furnace temperature measured at the wall of the heating compartment or tube. These temperatures can differ considerably, due to the overall endothermic behavior of the APT→TBO decomposition reaction. The exposure time in a rotary kiln is usually much shorter than in the pusher, and the decomposition temperature is therefore higher for obtaining a similar degree of thermal decomposition.

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Tungsten Trioxide

Tungsten Trioxide

In a technical scale, WO3 is almost exclusively produced by calcination of APT under oxidizing conditions (in air). Usual equipment consists of rotary furnaces operating at 500-700℃. Sufficient air supply must be provided to suppress any reducing reaction by the partly cracked ammonia. The ammonia evolved can be recovered by absorption in cold water and concentrated by subsequent distillation.

The WO3 particles are pseudomorphous to APT. This means that the shape and size of the particles are the same as the APT crystals, but they are built of very small WO3 grains (Fig. 5.18) forming a large oxide sponge with a high degree of microporosity (specific surface area). Their grain size and agglomerate structure depend on the calcinations condition (heating rate, temperature, and time). Higher temperature and low heating rates result in coarser grains. Above 700℃, coarse, faceted WO3 single crystals form due to enhanced chemical vapor transport of the oxide.

Low-temperature calcined WO3 (approximately 500-550℃) is highly reactive an dissolves easily in water, which is not the case for higher-temperature calcined WO3.

For special purposed, especially in the case where a high specific surface area is necessary and APT pseudomorphology is undesirable, WO3 can be produced also by calcinations of tungstic acid.

As precursor for the W and WC powder production, WO3 lost its importance mainly to tungsten blue oxide. WO3 is also used as a yellow pigment.

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Tungstic Acid

Tungstic Acid

In order to make use of the high APT purity in modern processing, tungstic acid is produced today by treating an aqueous APT crystal slurry with hydrochloric acid. In this way APT is decomposed and H2WO4 is precipitated. After filtration, it must be thoroughly washed to remove ammonium chloride. The earlier process of precipitation from sodium tungstate solutions by addition of acids no longer has industrial importance.

Tungstic acid has a high active surface. The former, most important intermediate today is only used in smaller quantities for special purposes:

1.       production of ultrafine tungsten and tungsten carbide powders in order to circumvent the sometimes disturbing pseudomorphology of APT-derived products, and

2.       for tungsten chemicals.

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APT Thermal Decomposition

Thermal decomposition. On heating APT to 300-800℃, ammonia and water are evolved. The decomposition becomes more complete as temperature and duration of heating are increased. The final decomposition product is determined by the decomposition the retention time in the furnace, and the reduction potential of the decomposition atmosphere.

If heating takes place with exclusion of air or in an inert gas atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen), part of the ammonia evolved is cracked and the hydrogen formed can cause a slight reduction of the hexavalent tungsten matrix(“autoreduction capability of APT”; partial formation of pentavalent tungsten). The degree of reduction and the formation of compounds is determined by the decomposition conditions. The product of this type of calcination is greenish blue to flashing dark blue in color and is called tungsten blue oxide (TBO).

If the decomposition is carried out under oxidizing conditions, a slight reduction can occur intermediately at low decomposition temperatures, but the final product is always tungsten trioxide (WO₃).

Besides temperature, time, and decomposition atmosphere, the amount of APT plays an important role since the mass of APT itself is responsible for producing a certain amount of ammonia and water as well as hydrogen and nitrogen. The powder layer, depending on its thickness and porosity (which increases during decomposition due to an increase in density), retains the gases released for some time. This fact explains the occasional contradictory literature on the decomposition of APT. For example, it is easy to understand that in a boat of comparable size 10g or 1000g will produce different atmospheres, especially inside the powder layers whose heights are also quite different.

 Under oxidizing conditions, the APT decomposition path is as follows:

 Between 10 and 100℃ only dehydration occurs and the product is crystallized, dehydrated APT:

(NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂] •4H₂O→(NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]+4H₂O

In the temperature range 180-225℃, ammonia is released and the APT converts to amorphous ammonium metatungstate (AMT):
(NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]→(NH₄)₆[H₂W₁₂O₄₀] •2H₂O+4NH₃

Between 230 and 325℃, ammonia as well as water vapor are evolved. The product is also amorphous:

(NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₀] •2H₂O→(NH₄)₂[W₁₂O₃₇]+4NH₃+5H₂O

By increasing the temperature to 400-500℃, all residual ammonia and water is released, and the reaction product is tungsten trioxide:

(NH₄)₂[W₁₂O₃₇]→12WO₃+2NH₃+H₂O

Under a slightly reducing atmosphere between 220 and 325℃ amorphous, and above 325℃, crystallized, ammonium tungsten bronzes form: (NH₄)_χWO₃. Under stronger reducing conditions, conversion to lower tungsten oxides takes place.

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ammonium paratungstate characterization

Today, APT is the most important and almost exclusively used precursor for tungsten products. Only in tungsten melting metallurgy and for producing WC directly from ore concentrates are other starting materials used. Intermediates, such as tungsten trioxide, tungsten blue oxide, tungstic acid, and ammonium metatungstate can be derived from APT as shown in Fig. 5.15, either by partial or complete thermal decomposition or by chemical attack.
   Although a hexahydrate and a decahydrate exist, only the tetrahydrate (NH4)10[H2W12O42]•4H2O forms under industrial conditions, since the hexahydrate is unstable at temperatures exceeding 96℃, while the decahydrate crystallizes only from solutions at room temperature.
Characterization
PR: Its preparation will be treated in detail in chapter5.
PR: D: 4.61g•cm-1(X-ray); CR: monoclinic, p21/n; besides the technically important tetrahydrate, depending on drystallization conditions, a triclinic hexahydrate and an orthorhombic decahydrate can be formed.
A: It is today the most common, highly pure imtermediate for most tungsten products.
Ion associate complexes of isopolytungstates with secondary and tertiary alkyl amines play an important role in the technical solvent extraction process.
      APT is a white, crystallized powder. The average crystal size of commercial products ranges between 30 and 100 µm. The SEM image in Fig. 5.16 reveals mainly faceted crystals and only few intergrown or agglomerates. A typical grain size distribution of a crystallized APT is shown in Fig. 5.17. For special purposes, classified APT is also available. Specification of some physical properties and impurity concentrations as common today are given in Table 5.7. They reflect the high standard of the technical APT production.
Specially purified APT (by multiple-step liquid extraction of selected, very pure batches under clean-room conditions) for the production of 4N and 6N tungsten sputter targets shows a much lower impurity content.

Solubility.
The solubility in water is low: 20g wo3/l at 20℃; 60g wo3/l at 90℃.

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process steps of tungsten carbide powder

 A process for producing a tungsten carbide powder, comprising the steps of:

(a) mixing an aqueous ammonium tungstate solution with a carbon powder in a proportion to reduce and carburize ammonium tungstate to form a slurry,

(b) drying the slurry to prepare a precursor,

(c) subjecting the precursor to a reduction and carburization by heating to a temperature, at which a reduction and carburization proceeds, in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to form a reduced and carburized product,

(d) mixing the reduced and carburized product with a carbon powder in a proportion required to carburize a W2 C component and/or a W component in the reduced and carburized product into WC, and

(e) subjecting the reduced and carburized product mixed with the carbon powder to a carburization by heating to a temperature, at which a carburization proceeds, in a hydrogen atmosphere,

wherein an amount of the carbon (C) powder in step (a) with respect to the tungsten (W) component in ammonium tungstate by atomic ratio C/W is within a range of 3-4.

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Nickel-Silver tubular tungsten tarbide powder Introduction

1.Characters Nickel-Silver tubular tungsten tarbide powders are patent products, the deposited wear resistant layers mainly have the following characters: 1) Better Wear Resistance Copper and copper alloy is used to replace iron or nickel alloy of wear resistant composite material in the patent Nickel-Silver tubular tungsten carbide powders. Due to the lower hardfacing temperature, the products are able to avoid decomposition of WC-W2C in hardfacing, thus keeps excellent wear resistance. 2) Higher Bonding Strength with Base Metal Comparing to traditional iron tubular rods, copper alloy is more easy to wet WC-W2C powders than iron, thus improves bonding strength of WC-W2C powders and base metal, reduces fall of WC-W2C layer in use, and avoids failure of wear resistant parts. 3) Larger Particle Size of Tungsten Carbide Powders are more Wear Resistant Comparing to tungsten carbide rope, larger particle size of tungsten carbide powders can be used in patent Nickel-Silver tubular tungsten carbide powders, so as to have higher wear resistance. 2.Applications Patent Nickel-Silver tubular tungsten carbide powders are widely used for hardfacing especially for field repair.

Brief Introduction of Tungsten Carbide Powder

Tungsten carbide powder is the intermediate in the line from W powder to cemented carbides. It can be produced from different raw materials and by different processes. By far the biggest percentage is manufactured by the conventional method -carburization of tungsten powder- and covers the widest range of powder qualities in regard to average grain size (0.15 – 12 µm). All other methods in use yield in very fine or very coarse powder grades.

Spherical Cast Tungsten Carbide

Extremely hard and dense, CTOMS's Spherical cast tungsten carbide  powder, an eutectic mixture of WC and W2C phases, is one of the most wear resistant products on the market. Commonly blended with nickel based alloys, it is perfect for hardfacing applications by PTA, laser cladding and other processes for use in applications where superior wear protection is needed, such as mining, oil drilling and agriculture.

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High Density Tungsten Powder Application

  High Density Tungsten PowderApplications:

• Thin film surface applications of its polymer mixture is ideally suited for radiation protection.
   
• The large particles of  makes  the ideal heavy metal filler for injection-molding applications.
   
• The unique shape and resulting high flowability of these particles make  Ultra suitable for metal spray industry applications.

Granulated Tungsten Powder

Granulated Tungsten Powder (Accelerator & Alloy Powder) has a number of valuable uses in today’s world. For example, Granulated Tungsten Powder is used as a catalyst in laboratory material analyzers. 
All powder is commercially uniform in purity.  The Chemical and Physical Analyses are determined for each production lot of powder by using commercially accepted methods.  The results of all relevant tests are reported to the customer on a Certificate of Analysis.

Packaging:
50 kg/100 lb packed in a polyethylene bag within a 3½-gallon metal pail, or 250 kg/500 lb packed in a polyethylene bag within a 17-gallon drum.​​​

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Coarse Tungsten Powders Description

Coarse Tungsten Powders are:

• Primarily intended for applications utilizing non-thermal powder consolidation technologies (tungsten– polymer/elastomer, deformable metal binder, etc.)
• Special powder processing services available for narrow distribution, increased apparent density, and/or high flowability
• Provides coarse particle size with low alkali metal content-ideal for thermal spray.
• Widely used for lead-free ammunition and moldable radiation shielding products.
• Useful as a pour-in high density filling material for irregular shaped cavities to add weight or radiation attenuation.

All powder is commercially uniform in purity. The Chemical and Physical Analyses are determined for each production lot of powder by using commercially accepted methods.  The results of all relevant tests are reported to the customer on a Certificate of Analysis.

Description of tungsten trioxide

Tungsten trioxide, also known as tungsten(VI) oxide or tungstic anhydride, WO₃, is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten. It is obtained as an intermediate in the recovery of tungsten from its minerals.

Tungsten ores are treated with alkalis to produce WO₃. Further reaction with carbon or hydrogen gas reduces tungsten trioxide to the pure metal.

2 WO₃ + 3 C + heat → 2 W + 3 CO₂

WO₃ + 3 H₂ + heat → W + 3 H₂O

Tungsten(VI) oxide occurs naturally in form of hydrates, which include minerals: tungstite WO₃·H₂O, meymacite WO₃·2H₂O and hydrotungstite (of same composition as meymacite, however sometimes written as H₂WO₄). These minerals are rare to very rare secondary tungsten minerals.

Description of Tungsten Carbide Powder

ungsten powders have been developed and produced to offer the purity and uniform particle size distribution demanded by manufacturers of high performance tungsten and tungsten carbide products.  Chinatungsten Online manufactures tungsten powders ranging in size from 0.40 microns (type M10) to greater than 17.50 microns (type M70).  If a standard size does not meet your specification, CTOMS can work with customers to engineer tungsten powders to meet specific application needs.  From our internally produced tungsten powders, CTOMS manufactures tungsten carbide powders ranging from nano to ultra course.  Our micrograin tungsten carbide powders are used for circuit board drills, nozzles and end mills.  Fine WC powders are used in cutting tools and inserts.  Medium and ultra-coarse powders are are required for mining tools, energy drilling tools, wear and die parts, and road construction bits.  The physical and chemical properties of CTOMS tungsten carbide powders are carefully controlled to ensure consistency in lot-to-lot performance. Our manufacturing capabilities in North America and Europe deliver word-class quality and service.
1) Tungsten carbide is a made up of chemically bonded tungsten and carbide. Its superior hardness enables it to replace steel and other metal alloys in a variety of applications.
2) Colloquially, tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide. In its most basic form, it is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes for use in industrial machinery, tools, abrasives, as well as jewelry.
3) Tungsten carbide is approximately four times stiffer than steel, with a Young's modulus of approximately 550 GPa,and is much denser than steel or titanium. It is comparable with corundum (a-Al2O3) in hardness and can only be polished and finished with diamond wheels and compounds.

Tungsten Carbide Powder Application

Tungsten carbide is a tungsten-carbon compound that contains an equal number of carbon and tungsten atoms. It is a fine, gray-black powder that is pressed into various shapes for use in applications. According to "Handbook of Chemical Vapor Deposition," tungsten carbide is prepared by the reaction of carbon with tungsten metal at temperatures between 1,400 Celsius to 2000 Celsius. Tungsten carbide powder comes in many shapes, particle sizes, microstructures and chemical compositions, including fine tungsten monocarbide powder and macrocrystalline tungsten.

Abstract:Ultra-Fine Tungsten Carbide Powder Prepared by a Nitridation–Carburization Method

WC powder was synthesized by a nitridation–carburization method with WO₃ prepared by the citrate sol–gel route as the starting material, and the reaction mechanism was investigated. It was found that WO₃ was converted to nanosized W₂N after the nitridation process in NH₃. Then, the W₂N was transformed to W metal, W₂C, and WC in sequence when it was carburized in CH₄–H₂ gas mixture. The WC powder obtained possessed a high specific surface area of 24.6 m²/g, and showed a particle size of 20–30 nm, which was much finer than the WC powder prepared by direct carburization of WO₃ in CH₄–H₂ gas mixture. The reason was also discussed.

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Nano-Tungsten Carbide Powder Application

1. Nano-Tungsten carbide powder applied in composite materials, improve its performance: Nano-Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) composite performance carbide powder preparation is the main raw materials and wear-resisting coating. Such as: cutting tools, computer, machinery, etc;
2. Nano-Tungsten carbide powder appropriate under high temperature on mechanical processing, can produce cutting tools, kiln of structural materials, the jet engines, gas turbines and nozzle, etc.

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Nano-Tungsten Carbide Powder Properties

1. Nano-Tungsten carbide powder, has high purity, particle size uniform dispersion of good, is an important raw material of producing cemented carbide, nano tungsten carbide powder can make hard alloy has many more excellent properties;
2. Nano-Tungsten carbide powder except has high hardness, hard king outside, still has wear resistance, corrosion resistance, temperature, etc;
3. The melting point was 2860°C±50°C, boiling point was 6000°C and also insoluble in water, strong acid resistance, high hardness and elastic modulus.

Tungsten Carbide Powder Description

Detailed Product Description

Tungsten carbide powder
Molecular Formula:MWC
Appearance:Dark grey powder.
Application: Main raw material for production

Tungsten carbide powder
Appearance: Dark grey metallic powder
Packing: Inner: 2 layer plastic bags, outside: steel drum. 100 or 200kg/drum
Specification

Grade	Average Size (BETor FSSS)	Oxygen(%)	Total C(%)	Free C(%)	Fe(%)
MWC08	0.6-0.8μm	0.3	6.15±0.05	0.08	0.005
MWC13	1.2-1.4μm	0.12	6.13±0.05	0.06	0.006
MWC25	2.2-2.7μm	0.07	6.13±0.05	0.05	0.006
MWC30	2.7-3.2μm	0.07	6.13±0.05	0.05	0.006
MWC40	3.7-4.3μm	0.05	6.13±0.05	0.05	0.006
MWC60	5.5-6.5μm	0.04	6.13±0.05	0.04	0.008
MWC90	8.5-9.5μm	0.03	6.13±0.05	0.04	0.008
MWC200	17.0-23.0μm	0.03	6.13±0.05	0.06	0.012

Chemical Composition

Main content W≥99.8%
Other Content≤ (%)	Al	0.001	As	0.001	Bi	0.0003	Ca	0.0015
	Cd	0.0001	Co	0.005	Cr	0.005	Cu	0.0005
	K	0.0015	Mg	0.001	Mn	0.001	Mo	0.003
	Na	0.0015	Ni	0.005	P	0.001	Pb	0.0003
	S	0.001	Sb	0.0005	Si	0.0015	Sn	0.0003
	Ti	0.001	V	0.001	-	-	-	-

Tungsten Grades Powder

Grade	ISO grade	Chemical composition(% in weight)							Powder characteristics			Physical properties as sintered
		WC	Co	TiC	TaC	othe	T.C	Lubricant	Average grain sizeWC(um)	Apparent density g/cm3	Flow rate Sec/50g	Hardness HRA±0.5	Density g/cm3±0.1	TRS Mpa min
CTF40D	-	88.0	12.0	-	-	-	5.32	2.0%wax	6.0	3.20	27	87.5	14.30	2800
CTD20A	-	91.0	9.0	-	-	-	5.56	2.0%PEG	8.0	3.70	25	86.5	14.60	2500
CTT20A	P20	79.3	8.0	8.7	4.0	-	6.82	2.0%wax	2.0	2.70	30	91.8	12.40	2200
CTK10F	K10	93.3	6.5	-	-	0.20	5.76	2.0%wax	1.8	3.40	27	92.0	14.86	3200
CTK30F	K30	91.1	8.5	-	-	0.4	5.63	2.0%wax	1.8	3.10	29	91.0	14.65	2800
CTK50	K50	90.0	10.0	-	-	-	5.52	2.0%wax	1.8	3.20	28	90.5	14.54	2800
CTF05	K02	97.0	3.0	-	-	-	5.98	2.0%wax	4.0	3.35	25	92.0	15.25	2100
CTD22	-	90.8	9.2	-	-	-	5.55	2.0%wax	4.0	3.20	28	88.4	14.62	2600
CTU15F	K10-K30	91.4	8.0	-	-	0.6	5.76	2.0%wax	0.6	3.00	28	93.0	14.65	4200
CTU25UF	K10-K50	86.0	12.0	-	-	1.4	5.49	2.0%wax	0.4	2.70	30	93.0	14.10	4000
CTU10	K10	93.85	6.0	-	-	0.15	5.84	2.0%wax	0.8	3.05	27	93.0	14.85	2700
CTU20	K10-K20	89.5	10.0	-	-	0.5	5.57	2.0%wax	0.8	2.85	30	91.8	14.45	3400
CTU30	K20-K30	85.7	13.5	-	-	0.8	5.38	2.0%wax	0.8	2.70	32	90.5	14.00	3500
CTK02	K01	95.9	4.0	-	-	0.1	5.92	2.0%wax	1.3	3.40	24	92.7	15.15	2100
CTK05	K05	94.0	6.0	-	-	-	5.79	2.0%wax	1.5	3.40	24	92.0	14.90	2450
CTK10	K10	94.0	6.0	-	-	-	5.78	2.0%wax	2.0	3.40	26	91.5	14.90	2500
CTK20	K20	94.0	6.0	-	-	-	5.79	2.0%wax	3.0	3.40	27	91.0	14.90	2600
CTK30	K30	92.0	8.0	-	-	-	5.64	2.0%wax	3.0	3.35	28	90.0	14.70	2700
CTK40	K40	91.0	9.0	-	-	-	5.57	2.0%wax	3.0	3.20	29	89.5	14.60	2800
CTF20D	-	94.0	6.0	-	-	-	5.76	2.0%wax	4.0	3.40	26	90.0	14.90	2600
CTF25D	-	92.0	8.0	-	-	-	5.63	2.0%wax	5.0	3.40	26	89.5	14.70	2800
CTF31	-	90.5	9.5	-	-	-	5.59	2.0%wax	4.0	3.30	26	89	14.43	2800
CTF40	-	88.0	12.0	-	-	-	5.40	2.0%wax	2.0	3.10	27	89.0	14.40	3000
CTF45	-	87.0	13.0	-	-	-	5.34	2.0%wax	2.5	3.05	30	88.5	14.20	3100
CTF50	-	85.0	15.0	-	-	-	5.20	2.0%wax	3.5	2.90	30	87.5	14.00	3000
CTF60	-	80.0	20.0	-	-	-	4.91	2.0%wax	5.5	2.75	32	84.5	13.65	2700
CTF65	-	78.0	22.0	-	-	-	4.78	2.0%wax	5.5	2.70	33	84.0	13.40	2700
CTF70	-	75.0	25.0	-	-	-	4.60	2.0%wax	5.5	2.65	33	82.5	13.18	2400
CTD10	-	94.0	6.0	-	-	-	5.77	2.0%wax	8.0	3.40	26	89.0	14.95	2500
CTD20	-	92.0	8.0	-	-	-	5.64	2.0%wax	8.0	3.40	26	86.5	14.60	2500
CTD25A	-	90.0	10.0	-	-	-	5.51	2.0%wax	3.0	3.30	26	88.5	14.50	2850
CTD50	-	85.0	15.0	-	-	-	5.20	2.0%wax	6.0	3.20	27	86.0	14.00	3000
CTT20	P20	72.0	8.0	8.0	12.0	-	6.86	2.0%wax	2.0	2.70	30	92.2	12.40	1900
CTT30	P30	75.8	8.0	6.2	10.0	-	6.60	2.0%wax	2.0	2.80	28	91.5	12.80	2100