Tungsten Blue Oxide Industrial Production

 TBO is formed by calcinations of APT under slightly reducing conditions. The conversion can be performed either in multitube push-type furnaces or in rotary kilns. Various atmospheres are used. Generally, in push-type furnaces a flow of hydrogen or hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures is applied. In rotary furnaces one usually takes advantage of the reducing capacity of the gases evolved during the decomposition (H, H₂, NH₃), leading to the desired formation of reduced tungsten species.

Temperature may vary between 400 and 900℃. Literature values can be misleading, because some are related to the real temperature of the powder layer while others are furnace temperature measured at the wall of the heating compartment or tube. These temperatures can differ considerably, due to the overall endothermic behavior of the APT→TBO decomposition reaction. The exposure time in a rotary kiln is usually much shorter than in the pusher, and the decomposition temperature is therefore higher for obtaining a similar degree of thermal decomposition.

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